Open source graph databases compared
Graph databases in the catalogue published under an open-source license.
70 active open source graph databases are in the catalogue. They are written mostly in Java and Go, 70 are open source, and 13 carry survey feature scores. Kuzu, Apache Giraph, CozoDB are no longer active and listed separately below.
| Attribute | Neo4j | Dgraph | TypeDB | ArcadeDB | OrientDB | TerminusDB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At a glance | ||||||
| Rank | #1 | #3 | #7 | #9 | #12 | #30 |
| Score | 88.8 | 73.6 | 68.4 | 65.4 | 62.0 | 53.6 |
| GitHub stars | 17.3k | 21.8k | 4.5k | 1.2k | 5k | 3.4k |
| Popularity | 98.6 | 82.0 | 75.0 | 54.7 | 82.9 | 62.4 |
| Activity | 86.5 | 70.1 | 75.2 | 76.8 | 60.7 | 62.2 |
| Community | 73.8 | 73.5 | 63.3 | 59.0 | 35.4 | 34.7 |
| Research | 98.7 | 64.3 | 50.0 | 74.7 | 67.6 | 50.0 |
| Fundamentals | ||||||
| Description | A property graph database that stores data as fixed-size records in linked lists for index-free adjacency traversal. Offers community and commercial editions with an extensive graph algorithms library. | A distributed graph database with horizontal scaling and ACID transactions. Uses its own query language (DQL) derived from GraphQL, with automatic shard rebalancing across cluster nodes. | A polymorphic database that natively models inheritance hierarchies, dependencies, and conceptual schemas using its TypeQL query language. Supports clustering for scalability and a cloud-agnostic deployment model. | A multi-model database inspired by OrientDB, supporting graphs, documents, key-value, time-series, and search. Uses RAFT-based replication for high availability. | A distributed multi-model database combining graph and document models with TinkerPop support. Features sharding for horizontal scaling and ACID transactions. | A graph database and document store that builds knowledge graphs from JSON documents. Uses git-like delta encoding with an append-only layered data model, enabling version control and collaboration workflows. |
| Vendor | Neo4j Inc | Istari | Vaticle | ArcadeDB | OrientDB Community | DFRNT |
| Model | Property Graph | Property Graph | Other | Multiple | Multiple | Multiple |
| Kind | database | database | database | database | database | database |
| Category | Established | Enterprise | Growing | Growing | Enterprise | Emerging |
| First released | 2007 | 2015-12 | 2016 | 2021-09 | 2010 | 2019-10 |
| Status | active | active | active | active | active | active |
| License | GPL-3.0 | Apache-2.0 | MPL-2.0 | Apache-2.0 | Apache-2.0 | Apache-2.0 |
| Written in | Java | Go | Rust | Java | Java | Prolog |
| Query languages | Cypher, GQL | DQL, GraphQL | TypeQL | SQL, openCypher, Gremlin, GraphQL | SQL, Gremlin | WOQL, GraphQL |
| gdotv support | yes | yes | no | yes | no | no |
Feature scores 36 of 46 rows differ
| Feature | Neo4j | Dgraph | TypeDB | ArcadeDB | OrientDB | TerminusDB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community & Business | ||||||
| Active development | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Commercial support | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Live community | ✓ | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | 0.5 | 0.75 |
| Open Source | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Pricing | 0.5 | · | ✓ | ✓ | · | ✓ |
| Trendiness | ✓ | 0.25 | ✓ | · | 0.25 | ✓ |
| Deployment | ||||||
| Containerization | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Work as dedicated instance | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Work as embedded | ✓ | · | · | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Testing in-memory version | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | · | ✓ | · |
| Platform | ||||||
| Operating on Linux | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Operating on Windows | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 0.75 |
| SaaS offering | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | · | · | ✓ |
| Operations | ||||||
| Automatic updates | · | · | · | ✓ | · | · |
| Client side caching | · | · | · | · | · | · |
| Data versioning support | · | · | · | · | · | ✓ |
| Live backups | ✓ | ✓ | · | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Distribution | ||||||
| Cluster Re-balancing | · | ✓ | · | · | · | · |
| Data Distribution | ✓ | ✓ | · | · | ✓ | · |
| High-Availability | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Query Distribution | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | · | 0.5 | · |
| Replication support | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Developer Experience | ||||||
| Data types defined | ✓ | ✓ | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | 0.5 |
| Logging/Auditing | ✓ | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Object-Graph Mapper | ✓ | · | · | · | · | · |
| Reactive programming | ✓ | · | ✓ | ✓ | · | · |
| Documentation up-to-date | ✓ | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | 0.5 | ✓ |
| Binary protocol | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| CLI | ✓ | · | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| GUI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Data Model | ||||||
| Multi-database | ✓ | · | · | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Graph-native data | ✓ | ✓ | · | ✓ | · | · |
| REST API | ✓ | ✓ | · | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Query Language | ✓ | ✓ | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | 0.5 |
| Transactions | ||||||
| Granular locking | ✓ | · | · | · | · | ✓ |
| Multiple isolation levels | ✓ | · | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Read committed transaction | ✓ | · | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Transaction support | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Schema & Security | ||||||
| Constraints | ✓ | · | ✓ | ✓ | · | ✓ |
| Schema support | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Secondary indexes | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Server side procedures | ✓ | · | · | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Triggers | ✓ | · | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | · |
| Authentication | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Authorization | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Data encryption | · | ✓ | · | ✓ | ✓ | · |
All 70 engines
| Name | Vendor | Model | Category | GitHub stars | License | Written in | Query languages | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QLever | University of Freiburg | RDF | Emerging | 912 | Apache-2.0 | C++ | SPARQL | #6 |
| HelixDB | HelixDB | Other | Emerging | 6.1k | Apache-2.0 | Rust | HelixQL | #10 |
| LadybugDB | LadybugDB | Property Graph | Growing | 1.8k | MIT | C++ | openCypher | #11 |
| Oxigraph | Oxigraph Community | RDF | Emerging | 2k | Apache-2.0 OR MIT | Rust | SPARQL | #13 |
| Apache AGE | Apache Software Foundation | Property Graph | Established | 4.9k | Apache-2.0 | C | openCypher, SQL | #15 |
| Atomic Server | Ontola | Other | Emerging | 1.6k | MIT | Rust | Custom API | #16 |
| TinkerGraph | Apache TinkerPop | Property Graph | Established | 2.1k | Apache-2.0 | Java | Gremlin | #17 |
| Ontop | Ontopic | RDF | Established | 966 | Apache-2.0 | Java | SPARQL | #18 |
| GFQL | Graphistry | Property Graph | Growing | 2.6k | BSD-3-Clause | Python | GFQL, openCypher | #20 |
| RDFLib | RDFLib Community | RDF | Established | 2.5k | BSD-3-Clause | Python | SPARQL | #21 |
| Apache Jena Fuseki | Apache Software Foundation | RDF | Established | 1.5k | Apache-2.0 | Java | SPARQL | #22 |
| Raphtory | Pometry | Property Graph | Emerging | 647 | GPL-3.0 | Rust | GraphQL | #24 |
| Eclipse RDF4J | Eclipse Foundation | RDF | Established | 420 | BSD-3-Clause | Java | SPARQL | #27 |
| Comunica | Comunica Association | RDF | Emerging | 610 | MIT | TypeScript | SPARQL, GraphQL | #28 |
| JanusGraph | The Linux Foundation | Property Graph | Established | 5.8k | Apache-2.0 | Java | Gremlin | #31 |
| YouTrackDB | JetBrains | Property Graph | Emerging | 437 | Apache-2.0 | Java | Gremlin, SQL | #32 |
| AgensGraph | SKAI Worldwide | Property Graph | Growing | 1.5k | Apache-2.0 | C | openCypher, SQL | #34 |
| NebulaGraph | Vesoft | Property Graph | Established | 12.4k | Apache-2.0 | C++ | nGQL | #35 |
| NeuG | Alibaba | Property Graph | Emerging | 168 | Apache-2.0 | C++ | openCypher | #40 |
| NornicDB | orneryd | Property Graph | Emerging | 894 | MIT | Go | openCypher, GraphQL | #41 |
| Virtuoso | OpenLink Software | Multiple | Enterprise | 974 | GPL-2.0 | C | SQL, SPARQL | #43 |
| GUN | GUN | Property Graph | Established | 19.1k | Zlib OR MIT OR Apache-2.0 | JavaScript | Custom API | #44 |
| Apache HugeGraph | Apache Software Foundation | Property Graph | Established | 3.2k | Apache-2.0 | Java | Gremlin, openCypher | #45 |
| Aerospike Graph | Aerospike | Property Graph | Enterprise | 1.4k | Apache-2.0 | Java | Gremlin | #46 |
| GraphScope | Alibaba | Property Graph | Growing | 3.6k | Apache-2.0 | C++ | Gremlin, openCypher | #49 |
| DuckPGQ | CWI Database Architectures Group | Property Graph | Emerging | 502 | MIT | C++ | SQL/PGQ | #51 |
| Grafeo | GrafeoDB | Multiple | Emerging | 798 | Apache-2.0 | Rust | GQL, openCypher, SPARQL, Gremlin, GraphQL, SQL/PGQ | #52 |
| Lance Graph | LanceDB Inc | Property Graph | Emerging | 181 | Apache-2.0 | Rust | SQL, openCypher | #56 |
| OmniGraph | ModernRelay | Property Graph | Emerging | 1.3k | MIT | Rust | Custom API | #59 |
| gStore | Peking University | RDF | Emerging | 841 | BSD-3-Clause | C++ | SPARQL | #67 |
| TuGraph | Ant Group | Property Graph | Established | 1.8k | Apache-2.0 | C++ | openCypher, GQL | #70 |
| PostgreSQL SQL/PGQ | PostgreSQL Global Development Group | Property Graph | Emerging | — | PostgreSQL | C | SQL/PGQ | #71 |
| MillenniumDB | IMFD Chile | Multiple | Emerging | 267 | GPL-2.0 | C++ | GQL, SPARQL | #91 |
| RyuGraph | Predictable Labs | Property Graph | Emerging | 146 | MIT | C++ | openCypher | #95 |
| YugabyteDB MAGE | Yugabyte | Property Graph | Emerging | 10.6k | Apache-2.0 | C | openCypher, SQL | #97 |
| Attean | Gregory Todd Williams | RDF | Emerging | 20 | GPL-1.0-or-later OR Artistic-1.0-Perl | Perl | SPARQL | #101 |
| Bighorn | Kineviz | Property Graph | Emerging | 134 | MIT | C++ | openCypher | #102 |
| Duck RDF | Dan Bennett | RDF | Emerging | 39 | MIT | C++ | SPARQL | #104 |
| GraphQLite | Colliery IO | Property Graph | Emerging | 503 | MIT | C | openCypher | #105 |
| agdb | Agnesoft | Property Graph | Emerging | 143 | Apache-2.0 | Rust | Custom API | #107 |
| LatticeDB | Jeff Hajewski | Property Graph | Emerging | 731 | MIT | Zig | Cypher | #110 |
| Bitsy | LambdaZen | Property Graph | Emerging | 150 | Apache-2.0 | Java | Gremlin | #114 |
| Quadstore | Jacopo Scazzosi | RDF | Emerging | 233 | MIT | TypeScript | SPARQL | #116 |
| froGQL | PLEIAD | Property Graph | Emerging | 11 | MIT | Rust | GQL | #118 |
| GraphLite | DeepGraph AI | Property Graph | Emerging | 233 | Apache-2.0 | Rust | GQL | #121 |
| TurboLynx | POSTECH (DSLab) | Property Graph | Emerging | 25 | MIT | C++ | openCypher | #122 |
| CogDB | NodeFn Inc. | RDF | Emerging | 397 | MIT | Python | Custom API | #123 |
| KGLite | Kristian dF Kollsgård | Property Graph | Emerging | 50 | MIT | Rust | openCypher, Custom API | #126 |
| Minigraf | — | Other | Emerging | 118 | MIT OR Apache-2.0 | Rust | Datalog | #127 |
| Qbix Streams | Qbix | Property Graph | Emerging | 0 | AGPL-3.0 | JavaScript | Custom API | #129 |
| ONgDB | Graph Foundation | Property Graph | Emerging | 439 | GPL-3.0 OR AGPL-3.0 | Java | Cypher | #130 |
| TribleSpace | — | Other | Emerging | 71 | MIT OR Apache-2.0 | Rust | Custom API | #131 |
| BangDB | BangDB | Other | Emerging | 59 | BSD-3-Clause | C++ | openCypher | #132 |
| pgGraph | Evokoa | Property Graph | Emerging | 1.1k | Apache-2.0 | Rust | SQL | #136 |
| TypeGraph | Nicia AI | Property Graph | Emerging | 80 | MIT | TypeScript | Custom API | #138 |
| Grust | QueryGraph | Property Graph | Emerging | 26 | Apache-2.0 | Rust | Custom API | #139 |
| AstraeaDB | AstraeaDB | Property Graph | Emerging | 6 | MIT | Rust | GQL, Cypher | #141 |
| CodeMix Graph | Codemix | Property Graph | Emerging | 111 | MIT | TypeScript | Gremlin, openCypher | #143 |
| OxiRS | — | RDF | Emerging | 96 | Apache-2.0 | Rust | SPARQL | #144 |
| DuckGQL | Rahul Iyer | Property Graph | Emerging | 53 | MIT | C++ | GQL | #149 |
| oxilite | Volodymyr Pavlyshyn | RDF | Emerging | 52 | MIT OR Apache-2.0 | Rust | SPARQL, openCypher | #151 |
| selene-db | Justin Scott | Property Graph | Emerging | 4 | MIT OR Apache-2.0 | Rust | GQL | #153 |
| DozerDB | Graph Foundation | Property Graph | Emerging | 144 | GPL-3.0 | Java | Cypher | #154 |
| pg_ladybug | LadybugDB | Property Graph | Emerging | 5 | PostgreSQL | C | openCypher, SQL | #156 |
No longer active
- Kuzu — Acquired by Apple in October 2025. Repository archived. Continued as LadybugDB and Bighorn forks.
- Apache Giraph — Retired to the Apache Attic in October 2023. Repository is archived and read-only.
- CozoDB — The main repository has had no commits since December 2024 and the latest release is v0.7.6 from December 2023.
- Titan — No releases since 1.0 in September 2015. Development continued as JanusGraph.
- Redland — Mature project with periodic maintenance. Last release 2.0.18 in October 2024.
- HyperGraphDB — Sporadic maintenance only since 2024
- FaunaDB — Service shut down in 2025.
- RDF::Trine — Deprecated in favour of the Attean framework. Last release was v1.019 in January 2018.
- Gaffer — Repository archived by GCHQ; last change June 2025.
- Google Cayley — No significant development activity since 2020.
- Graph Engine — Microsoft Research project. Limited recent activity.
- Sones GraphDB — No development activity since 2012. Company appears defunct.
- FlockDB — Archived and unmaintained since 2017. Twitter is no longer responding to issues or PRs.
- 4store — Sporadic maintenance only. Originally developed circa 2009.
- BlazeGraph — Last release in 2019. Project largely dormant, though still used by Wikidata.
- BrightstarDB — No active development since 2015.
- KatanaGraph — Katana Graph shut down in 2023. GitHub repositories archived.
- Apache Rya — No development activity since December 2020.
- Halyard — No development activity since mid-2022.
- Apache Marmotta KiWi — Project retired to the Apache Attic. Repository archived in May 2021.
- HGraphDB — No human development activity since 2024
- Weaver — Academic research prototype. No active development.
- Parliament — Last release v2.8.1 in June 2022. Limited recent activity.
- Kowari — No longer developed. Continued as the Mulgara fork from 2005.
- PandaDB — No development activity since 2022
- Akutan — Repository archived February 2022. Never reached production readiness.
- G-Tran — Academic research prototype. No active development.
- Mulgara — No significant development activity in recent years.
- RecallGraph — Repository archived; development moved to the successor project Minigraf.
- Strabon — Minimal development activity in recent years.
- RedStore — Mature project with minimal recent activity.
- LiveGraph — Academic research prototype. No active development.
- Graphflow — Research prototype from University of Waterloo. Succeeded by Kuzu.
- ChronoGraph — Last meaningful commit several years ago. Minimal community.